IGBARIA Aeid
Université : Paris XI Orsay
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Résumé
Cys residue oxidation is a widespread biochemical modification occurring in all eukaryotic cells compartments. It serves oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), protein import in the intermembrane space of mitochondria (IMS), and it has a regulatory role in the mitochondrial matrix and in the cytosol where it controls enzymes and signaling regulatory proteins activity. In all these processes, reversibility of Cys residue oxidation is a crucial feature. Two potent oxidoreductase systems, the glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin pathways, catalyze disulfide bond reduction, and presumably control most thiol-redox-dependent cellular processes. However, despite tremendous knowledge of their enzymology, little is known about the physiological features of these systems in eukaryotes. To determine the physiological importance of these functions and sort out which of them accounts for the GSH requirement for viability, we performed a comprehensive analysis of yeast cells depleted of or containing toxic levels of GSH. Both conditions triggered an intense iron-starvation-like response and impaired the activity of extra-mitochondrial ISC enzymes, but did not impact thiol-redox maintenance, except high glutathione levels that altered oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. While iron partially rescued the ISC maturation and growth defects of GSH-depleted cells, genetic experiments indicated that unlike thioredoxin, glutathione could not support by itself the thiol-redox duties of the cell. We propose that glutathione is essential by its requirement in ISC assembly but only serves as a thioredoxin back up in cytosolic thiol-redox maintenance. Glutathione high physiological levels are thus meant to insulate its function in iron metabolism from variations of its concentration during redox stresses, a model challenging the traditional view of it as prime actor in cytosolic thiol-redox control.
Our preliminary data on the distribution of GSH inside cells collected by monitoring the redox state of rxYFP targeted to different cell compartments (ER, Matrix, Cytosol and IMS) in HGT1 cells indicate a specific transport of GSH into the ER and export of GSSG out of it. We were able to characterize two ABC transporters on which their deletion modify the redox state of the ER to more oxidizing and result in accumulation of higher GSSG content compared to WT. These data were confirmed by looking at the redox state of the PDI1 and ERO1 (WT and hyper active), all together suggest a role of these transporters in GSSG export from the ER, and that GSH flux between the different compartments is highly regulated.
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